Article, 'Hyderabad: A cosmopolitan capital city', in the 15-31 May 2010 issue of LAW ANIMATED WORLD

Hyderabad - a cosmopolitan capital city - Nalamotu Chakravarthy¨

When Sri Krishnadeva Raya took to the Vijayanagara throne in 1509, the empire was in a significantly weakened state. The entire coastal Telugu areas were occupied by Orissa. Similarly, the Kannada and Tamil regions have also raised a flag of revolt. 24 year old Sri Krishna Deva Raya was determined to put things in order. He first invaded Mysore (Srirangapatnam) and suppressed the Kannada revolt. He then marched on coastal Telugu region and drove out the Orissa army from Udayagiri, Kondavidu, Kondapalli, and Rajahmundry. After this Krishnadeva Raya marched on Tamil Coromandel coast and subdued that region as well. At the end of these battles, that lasted six long years, he was able to bring back the entire South India under Vijayanagaram’s suzerainty.

While Sri Krishnadeva Raya was busy consolidating his empire, Bahamani Empire of Deccan (Gulbarga) was going through infighting. Sultan Quli, who came to India from Turkey, raised a flag of revolt against Bahamani. He attacked Devarakonda and ended the Velama kingdom’s rule.

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(Go to p. 139®)

Learning of the attack on the Velama kingdom, Sri Krishna Deva Raya rushed with his forces to rescue and camped at Panagal in Nalgonda. In a fierce battle that ensued, Sultan Quli defeated Sri Krishna Deva Raya forcing his retreat from Nalgonda. Encouraged by his victory, Sultan Quli marched on Coastal Telugu districts. Sri Krishnadeva Raya learnt his lesson and moved into Coastal Andhra with a massive army and succeeded in driving out Sultan Quli’s forces. As a result, today’s Nizam region was separated from Telugu land and a tenuous peace reigned between Vijayanagaram and Qutub Shah who started ruling from Golkonda.

Sultan Quli’s brother Ibrahim was the assumed heir to the Golkonda throne. Ibrahim got into a dispute with his brother. Vijayanagaram, after the premature death of Sri Krishnaceva Raya, was now under the rule of his son-in-law Aliya Rama. Aliya gave a large estate in Vijayanagaram to Ibrahim and provided protection from his brother. After the demise of Sultan Quli, Ibrahim left Vijayanagaram and went on to become the king of Golkonda.[1]

Ibrahim, after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, started annexing its Telugu districts. In 1571-72 he captured Rajahmundry, in 1579 he captured Vinukonda, Kondavidu, Kacharlakota, and Khammam.

Hyderabad city was not founded at this time. After Ibrahim Quli’s death, his son Mohammed Quli continued consolidating his hold on Vijayanagara Telugu regions. Mohammed occupied Kurnool, Cuddapah, Nandial, Dole, Gandikota, and Nellore.

Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah completed the consolidation of the Telugu region under Muslim rule. He founded Hyderabad in 1589. At the time of the city’s founding the entire Telugu country, including the current Nizam, Circar, and Ceded regions, was under Qutub Shahis.

Moghul Emperor Aurangazeb intended to consolidate his hold on South India. He attacked Golkonda and captured it in 1687, thus ending the

(Carried from p. 2®)

Qutub Shahi rule. He appointed his representative Nizam to administer the Golkonda kingdom.

British entered India in 1600 to conduct trade through the East India Company. Inspired by the stupendous financial success of the East India Company, French entered Indian shores in 1650s through the French East India Company. The British and the French quickly went beyond their original goal of trade and got involved in regional conflicts between Indian kingdoms. British were the best in the world when it came to using gun powder, followed by the French.

Nizam Asaf Jah of Hyderabad declared independence from Delhi in 1720. Asaf Jah died in 1748. His sons got into a fight for the Hyderabad throne. British and French sided with different heirs in that power struggle. Both the British and the French had their eyes set on the Coastal Telugu districts for maritime trade and military reasons.

The French helped Nizam’s third son Salabat to capture the Hyderabad throne. In return for their generosity, Salabat assigned Coastal districts to the French. The British, concerned with the growing French influence, under the leadership of Colonel Clive, marched on the Coastal districts in 1759 and occupied the region. As a result, the British were officially at war with the Hyderabad State.

Seven years later in 1766, the British and Nizam reached an agreement to end hostilities. In return for keeping the Coastal districts, British agreed to pay nine lakh rupees a year to Nizam. As you can see, though Coastal districts were separated from the rest of the Telugu land, the districts were still contributing to Hyderabad exchequer through the taxes paid to the British, which are in turn being passed on to Nizam.

The conflict between the British and French continued in the Indian subcontinent. Nizam once again sided with French and invited 15,000 French soldiers to protect Hyderabad. British marched on Hyderabad and drove out the French soldiers. Nizam was forced to accept British protection through a treaty signed in 1798. As a result, six battalions of British forces were placed in Hyderabad. Nizam was required to pay 24 lakh rupees a year for the maintenance of British troops.

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Nizam could not pay the British these monies and as a result amassed a significant debt. In 1800 he was forced to cede Bellary and Cuddapah to the British in return for the British military expense.

So, it is clear that Hyderabad continued to receive British protection with the taxes paid by the Circar and Ceded districts even after these regions separated from the Hyderabad State.

Hyderabad State, in addition to the 8 Telugu districts, had 4 Kannada and 3 Maratha districts. There was an atrocious tax regime under Nizam. Peasants of all these districts paid taxes through their nose to Nizam.

Today’s Hyderabad city is a source of revenue for the rest of the State. However, prior to 1956, the situation was quite different. The rural areas of the Hyderabad State financed the expenses required to maintain the capital city.

Now, with that background, who can stake a claim for Hyderabad city?

Our capital city belongs to the people living in erstwhile Nizam Telangana, Maratha, and Kannada districts- particularly the peasants. It belongs to Hyderabadi Muslims including those that came from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and other places. It belongs to the Marathis, Kannadigas, Marwadis, Rajputs, Gujaratis, Punjabis and many others who have been living in Hyderabad city for many generations.

Lastly, it belongs to the people of the Circar and Ceded districts. As separatists call them, these people are not “settlers” but are rightful stakeholders of the Hyderabad city. Just like the poor peasants of the Nizam districts, their forefathers have also contributed to the development of Hyderabad city by paying taxes to the Qutub Shahis, the Nizams and the British.

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¨ Slightly edited; emphases ours - IMS.

[1] However, this Ibrahim reneged on the guardian-like Aliya Rama Raya, joined hands with the other Deccani Sultans (of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Bidar) in the name of Jihad and all of them concertedly attacked the Vijayanagara Army personally commanded by Rama Raya; they also induced and caused the treachery of Muslim commanders and troops employed by Rama Raya due to which crucial factor Vijayanagar armies were routed, Rama Raya taken captive and on his stubborn refusal to convert was cruelly beheaded by Nizam Shah of Ahmandnagar to which dastardly crime Ibrahim was certainly a conducive spectator if not an active collaborator - IMS.

Editorial, 'AN INTERNATIONAL TRAGEDY', in 15 June 2010 issue of LAW ANIMATED WORLD

AN INTERNATIONAL TRAGEDY

That is what we would call the world’s worst industrial disaster in Bhopal which caused untold and irremediable agony and loss to the people and environment about 3 decades ago. A mere two-year sentence to a few lower level officers of the corporate entity after a prolonged trial, which was from inception watered down by high executive and judicial intervention, is nothing but adding insult to injury – a slap on the face of the world community because more disturbing questions than have been looked into presently are involved in the process. First of all how come the killer chemical weapon – Phosgene – was so shockingly neglected by one and all? The very presence of this toxic chemical, a poison gas banned since the first world war and now scheduled in the International Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Convention, should have raised many an eyebrow and caused a feverish search for fixing various international criminal liabilities on the Union Carbide Corporation. Was the criminal negligence confined to the prevention stage alone when none of the UCIL managers/staff, including its chair-butcher Warren Anderson, demonstrated an iota of firefighting responsibility but hid the crucial information about the fatal fluid cocktail so essential for prompt and correct medical treatment to victims that could have saved thousands of lives? Was not the US Government itself liable for trying at every step to exculpate the corporate officials instead of itself prosecuting them for this crime against humanity – Obama, now crying so hoarse against the BP for the Gulf oil spill, should be able to, and made to, answer better. Then, is it not the responsibility of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to take this up suo motu as a shocking and peculiar case of ‘industrial genocide’ and secure strict punishments for all the guilty to at least appease the tormented conscience of the world humans? Finally, would not the victims and especially the poor in India be compensated reasonably and liberally? This is in no way to minimize or cover up the criminal commissions/omissions of our own governments and persons-in-the-high in this process but only to point out the necessities and possibilities for an international intervention to save humanity from such corporate cannibalism §§§

Pics in Editorial, 'Big 'No' to Big Dams', 15-31 May 2010 LAW

BIG ‘NO’ TO BIG DAMS

and especially protests against the Polavaram Project should be constantly and explosively dinned into the ears of our rulers by people in their millions – cutting across class, caste, region and party lines – for protecting environment, averting manmade calamities and achieving sustainable development. ... ...

Editorial, "BIG 'NO' TO BIG DAMS", in LAW ANIMATED WORLD, 15-31 May 2010 combined issue:

BIG ‘NO’ TO BIG DAMS

and especially protests against the Polavaram Project should be constantly and explosively dinned into the ears of our rulers by people in their millions – cutting across class, caste, region and party lines – for protecting environment, averting manmade calamities and achieving sustainable development. Shocking facts that almost the entire historic temple-town of Bhadrachalam (once part of Godavari district but since 1959 of Khammam district) – perhaps the sanctum sanctorum too – would be submerged and lakhs of people would be displaced and deprived have been recently focused by TV9. Way back we had editorially alerted (see 31 December 2005 LAW) thus: “In a predominantly agricultural setting, the demand for water for cultivation is imperative and the AP Government seems to be bent on anyhow catering to it. But then, one cannot overlook several other salient factors which enter into and upset the delicate balance between nature and mankind. Also to appease the demands of a section of the people, another section – though tiny in numbers – cannot be made the sacrificial goat. However, what is happening regarding the Polavaram Dam today is exactly the same thing – about 275 villages would be completely submerged and more than one lakh tribals uprooted and displaced from their centuries’ old homelands – with possible extinction due to un-adaptability factors... Nowadays the world over new thinking is prevailing regarding water management systems and people are weary of big dams, which were earlier the synonym for progress. In contrast people see irreparable eco-damage and human tragedies attending and resulting from such big ventures. …Where a series of barrages and lift irrigation schemes could serve the purpose without such immense ethnic and cultural tragedies accompanying, there is absolutely no justification for any such mega schemes.” Subsequently, we find several eminent scholars have substantially confirmed our fears, approved our suggestions and proposed an alternative, more beneficial, submergence-free barrages system which merits due consideration (see the book ‘Perspectives on Polavaram’). In any case now we all should strive to at once stall this calamitous project ♦♦♦